Metal oxides are used in concentrated solar energy plants (CSP) to store heat, which can be used in the absence of the sun to generate electricity or produce solar fuels. Energy can be stored in this form for long periods, being released when necessary. The efficiency of photovoltaic cells is determined by the. . In concentrating solar power (CSP) applications, Thermochemical Energy Storage (TCES) refers to the process of chemically storing and releasing concentrated sunlight to produce solar electricity. Metal oxides are commonly used as photoanode materials, but they still encounter challenges such as limited light absorption, inefficient charge. . Semiconducting metal oxides have been utilized in various roles such as electron transport layer, hole transport layer, and active layer in solar cell. The capability of photo charge generation, separation, and recombination is governed by the quality of the metal oxide layer and eventually affect. .
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