Generally, under power frequency, if the RMS (Root Mean Square) value of the AC voltage rises to more than 10% above the rated value and lasts for more than 1 minute, it can be determined as a grid voltage overvoltage fault. . On June 4, 2022, a small piece of equipment (called a lightning arrestor) at a power plant in Odessa, Texas failed, causing part of the plant to trip offline. It was a fairly typical fault that happens from time to time on the grid. The present article proposes an alternative solution based on a hierarchical control architecture. Real-time photovoltaic power plant control system Source: Using Renewables to Operate A Low-Carbon Grid, CAISO, NREL, First Solar Report. Two IEEE test systems have been considered in this study, namely the IEEE 9 bus, and IEEE 39 bus test systems to investigate how different levels of large-scale solar PV. .
